This is largely because many of his writing remained inaccessible to the Western world until quite recently. Subsequent empirical research has confirmed that these two abilities are supported by different regions of the brain. [8] He earned his bachelor’s degree in biology and psychology in 1987 from Columbia University, and his Ph.D. in experimental psychology in 1993 from Stanford University. After a stint at the London School of Economics, he returned to Harvard, where he obtained his Ph.D. in developmental psychology in 1971, working under the supervision of famed developmental psychologist Jerome Bruner and philosopher Nelson Goodman. In 1995, he published Emotional Intelligence, which became a huge international bestseller and made the book’s title into a household phrase. In a nutshell, he believes that while traditional IQ tests are a good measure of book smarts—-and thus are a fairly reliable predictor of success in an academic environment — overall human intelligence is far broader than what IQ test measure. His work contributed to our understanding of human development, personality, clinical psychology, and abnormal psychology. In addition to receiving numerous awards, grants, fellowships, lectureships, and honorary degrees, in 1985 Rutter was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and in 1987 he was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). He then makes the more controversial claim that emotional intelligence—-the ability to understand one’s own and other people’s emotional states in any given situation — is equally if not more important than IQ as a predictor of success and happiness, not only in one’s interpersonal relations, but also in academic and professional contexts. During his time in medical school, he earned his living by his pen (he published his first novel at the age of 16!). Shepard was born in Palo Alto, California, in 1929. He defined two such basic temperaments: inhibited (shy, timid, socially withdrawn) and uninhibited (bold and socially outgoing). He obtained his master’s degree in psychology in 1955 and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1959, both from Yale University. The idea behind social constructivism is that for human beings reality is neither given by the physical world nor conjured up by the individual mind, but rather constructed collectively by a given society or culture. His first book for a mass readership, The Language Instinct (1994), drove home in elegant prose the inarguable importance of the innate language faculty for our humanity. It was to the confluence of these dual streams of ancient meditative practice and modern neuroscience that he owed the breakthrough work that was soon to come. The word psychology literally means the study of the soul (from the Greek: ψῡ́χω, or psukhē). The recipient of a large number of awards, grants, fellowships, consultancies, board membership appointments, invited lectureships, and honorary degrees, as well as numerous presentations, lectures, talks, and radio and television interviews directed towards popular audiences, Zimbardo is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), the American Psychological Society (APS), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). He is perhaps best known for his EEG and fMRI studies of the brains of Tibetan monks while meditating. Diener’s work has also thrown into question the long-standing belief that most people have predetermined set-points for subjective well-being which even highly negative life events (death of spouse, loss of job) do little to change over time. In his later years, Fahrenberg also published a number of articles on the history of psychology as a scientific discipline, the philosophy of science, and the conceptual interactions between psychology and philosophy. Kahneman was born in 1934 in Tel Aviv, in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine and is today the State of Israel. With well over 200 peer-reviewed papers and a half dozen books (as sole author or co-editor) to her credit, Barrett has received wide recognition in the form of honors and awards too numerous to mention, notably election as Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 2005 and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2008. These findings were revolutionary in several respects, not least in light of their cross-modal character (vision and proprioception), which implied the existence of a highly developed innate cognitive faculty in newborns. He is also the author, co-author, or editor of almost 40 books. Learn about the best online colleges and universities for 2020. Aronson’s work has focused on the social dimension of human motivational systems, such as the structural reasons for prejudice and aggression, as well as more cognitively oriented dimensions, such as cognitive dissonance (the discomfort we feel when some of our beliefs contradict others). Gilligan’s early work—-first published in 1982 in her landmark book, In a Different Voice—-was later developed by her, and by philosophers such as Nel Noddings, Virginia Held, Sara Ruddick, and others, into an entirely new branch of moral philosophy known as the ethics of care, which many consider to be an essential complement to, if not a substitute for, the traditional, male-oriented ethics of justice. Rutter was born in Lebanon, where his English father worked as a doctor, in 1933. One of his major contributions has involved modeling prediction in relation to audition. Given here are the profiles of some of the greatest American psychologists – their life, study, work and contribution in the society. From her right flank, as it were, some critics have claimed that her work lacks sufficient empirical support; while from her left flank, she has been charged with essentialism and giving aid and comfort to the patriarchy. In 1940, on the eve of World War II, Rutter was sent to the US, where he attended the Moorestown Friends School in New Jersey. More specifically, Damon has been critical of changes in the conventional wisdom regarding child-rearing in our society over the past couple of generations. Tulving is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the US National Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society of London (FRS). He was among the pioneering cohort of psychologists who rejected the then-reigning theory of behaviorism, which programmatically ignored the mental mediation of behavior. Political psychology originated from Western Europe, France, where it was closely tied to the emergence of new disciplines and paradigms as well as to the precise social and political context in various countries. Mechanistically, the brain constructs such optimal predictive models by calculating the errors in a stimulus sequence as the difference at each step between the predicted signal and the signal actually received. On experimental and theoretical grounds, Tulving predicted that two distinct modules must exist within the overarching memory system: episodic memory, which is our ability to remember faces, places, objects, and so on that are familiar to us, as well as events that have occurred to us in the past; and semantic memory, which is our ability to recall linguistically mediated facts, such as names and dates, meanings of words and concepts, historical events, and so forth. The field comprises a spectrum which merges at one end with soft disciplines like ethnology, sociology, and the helping professions, and at the other end with hard disciplines like genetics, endocrinology, and neuroscience. Though Bandura’s work has been primarily oriented toward social psychology, he has had no hesitation in borrowing ideas from other fields—-and repaying ideas to them with interest. Leda Cosmides’s UC-Santa Barbara website. Through his many students, honorary lectures, prizes, and fellowships, Gilbert’s ideas have won widespread recognition from his peers, while his bestseller, Stumbling on Happiness, as well as his many popular essays, television appearances, and TED talks, have carried his message effectively to a very broad popular audience. Mischel devised a simple experimental situation in which a child was offered the choice between one immediate treat or two treats after a relatively brief lapse of time. Gilbert faded into relative obscurity. (Edge, 2013). He is currently Daniel and Amy Starch Research Professor of Psychology (Emeritus) at Harvard University, as well as Co-Faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute. In this book, he draws heavily on work in cultural anthropology which shows that certain character traits are recognized as embodying wisdom the world over. He is currently Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of Michigan, as well as Director of the Affective Neuroscience and Biopsychology Lab there. 11. His family fled to the US after the Anschluss in 1938, settling in Brooklyn. Schröger was born in Munich, Germany, in 1958. He is currently Professor of Psychology at the University of York in the UK. In addition, James contributed to functionalism, pragmatism, and influenced many students of psychology during his 35-year teaching career. According to this theory, the fast system has been hard-wired in us by evolution to enable us to react quickly to stressful situations based on rough-and-ready, heuristic behavioral propensities. Shepard, Toward a Universal Law of Generalization for Psychological Science [PDF], Science, 1987, 237(4820): 1317—1323. Latterly, Buss has extended his theorizing to the human propensity for murderous violence. One study for which Rutter won early acclaim was his 1972 book entitled Maternal Deprivation Reassessed, which was a careful re-evaluation of the evidence for and against psychiatrist John Bowlby’s 1951 maternal deprivation theory (later expanded upon in his celebrated 1969 Attachment and Loss trilogy). He is currently Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine, as well as President Emeritus of the Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Tomasello has been elected a fellow of the national academies of science of Germany, Hungary, and Sweden. He is the recipient of far too many grants, awards, prizes, honorary degrees, consultancies, and editorships to mention here. This claim flies in the face of the deeply entrenched relativism within the field of cultural anthropology. At the PRG, he conducted pioneering research in a number of fields, including the neural correlates of personality, the link between personality and illness, cardiovascular rehabilitation, and life satisfaction. Dr. Andrew Meltzoff: Born Learning (CGTN America [China Global Television Network], January 2, 2016). Note that the evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey F. Miller should not be confused with either the NYU Law Professor Geoffrey P. Miller or the bioethicist and Yale Professor Emeritus of Pediatric Neurology, Geoffrey Miller. © 2020 TheBestSchools.org, a Red Ventures Company. Sigmund Freud. Haggbloom SJ. After initially studying business and economics and working for a computer company for a time, she entered medical school at the University of Zurich. To get at these hard-to-quantify beliefs and feelings, Bloom has created a laboratory — the Mind and Development Lab at Yale—-that is broadly interdisciplinary, welcoming theory and research from such disciplines and sub-disciplines as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, behavioral economics, evolutionary theory, and philosophy. In this work, Schröger has elucidated the sensory and neural underpinnings of the human ability to interpret extremely rapid and complex auditory information, such as speech, on the basis of the optimization of predictive modeling, which is based in turn on regularities in environmental stimuli (in other words, past experience). In another example, Ekman has done extensive work on the differences between spontaneous (genuine) and simulated (deceptive) emotions which may be detected in facial expressions. Steven Pinker. See our recommendations to the Nobel committee, in all six categories—and Fields Medal for Mathematics. He entered the University of Birmingham Medical School in 1950, and received his qualifications to practice medicine in the UK (MRCS and LRCP) in 1955. His ground-breaking work on developmental neuropsychiatry, in general, and on autism, in particular, has won for him the sobriquet, the Father of Child Psychiatry in the UK. The basic idea is that stereotypical male and female mating strategies reflect the selection pressures of the human EEA. In addition, Berridge’s works addresses still more complex issues, such as the neural basis of learning, the causes of addiction, the neurobiological relation between desire and fear, and the neurobiological relation between consciousness and emotion (can there be unconscious emotions?). Perhaps most controversial of all, however, is Miller’s 2013 Edge article praising China’s eugenics policy and by implication advocating a similar policy for the US. In human beings, mental categorization has both innate (biological) and acquired (learned) aspects. Haidt’s work has focused on the social effects of various aspects of moral judgment and subconscious decision-making. However, he has also done work on vision and on multimodal sensory processing. Diener was born in Glendale, California, in 1946. In working with his patients, Beck came to believe that it was their distorted view of reality—-their inability to understand the objective causes and effects operating in the concrete situations facing them — that lay at the root of their psychological suffering. Tavris is the author, co-author, or editor of some 10 books, as well as the author or co-author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, books reviews, op-ed pieces, essays, and other popular writings. This classification can be summarized by five positive character traits, or virtues, that make for an optimistic and resilient personality (known collectively by the acronym, PERMA), namely: Seligman is the author or co-author of around 280 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the author, co-author, or editor of some 20 books. This advance in our understanding had profound implications, not only for developmental psychology, but also for the study of language acquisition, general learning, memory, socialization, and many other important psychic phenomena (for example, see the discussion of the nature/nurture controversy in the entry for Alison Gopnik, above). However, while to our modern eyes this history may appear unfortunate, giving rise to racism, the tendency itself is not really linked to race as such (which is in any case a modern social construct). Generalizing from such laboratory studies, Loftus concluded that human memories are constantly being reconstructed, and hence are far more malleable and open to suggestion than previously thought. In particular, he has studied subjects’ ability to manipulate in their imagination representations of three-dimensional objects projected onto a plane—-a task called mental rotation. 14) William James. The Shepard tone and accompanying Shepard scale create the auditory illusion of a tone that continually rises or falls in pitch, yet without ever getting any higher or lower. [This book has a special emphasis on studies into attitudes, cognition, and decision making.] Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1978; pp. He is currently Ray Lyman Wilbur Professor Emeritus of Social Science at Stanford University. Her findings are quite general and apply to hierarchical organizations of all sorts; for example, her work has elucidated ways in which physician-patient communication may influence clinical outcomes. Her popular college textbook, Psychology, co-written with Carole Wade and first published in the 1980s, was one of the first introductory texts to present research on gender and culture to a wide student audience. Be that as it may, Rosch’s work formed the foundation for many subsequent studies across a very wide spectrum of academic sub-fields, including cognitive psychology, anthropology, philosophy, logic, computer science, theoretical biology, and critical theory. William James. Gilligan is the author or co-author or some 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of nine academic books, as well as a novel. The implications of her research for eyewitness testimony — upon which our entire criminal justice system is based — are obvious and troubling. His social comparison theory says that you evaluate your ideas by comparing them with what other people believe. A high level of work orientation in students is more highly correlated with good grades in school, long-term success in one’s career, and general fulfillment in life than is family environment. In short, people find happy people attractive. Political Psychology, 524 pp. However, he was raised in Paris, where his parents had emigrated from Lithuania. He is especially well known for his distinction between two different forms of long-term memory, semantic and episodic, which was one of the earliest proposals involving cognitive modules. Most recently, he has been a key player in the debate over the modularity of brain functions, a crucial assumption underlying evolutionary psychology. Some individuals work for media outlets analyzing voter behavior, or work in research determi… His teachings and writings helped establish psychology as a science. It proved so controversial at the time that the brand name sociobiology became tarnished; the field subsequently morphed into what is now called evolutionary psychology. Baddeley was born in Leeds, in the UK, in 1934. As an evidence-based therapy, DBT is considered by many experts to be the most effective treatment available for BPD and allied illnesses. However, Diener found that, all other factors being equal, extraverts still tend to be happier than introverts, leading to the hypothesis that the extraverted personality type is inherently more rewarding, fostering happiness that leads to gregarious behavior, not the other way around. Description Additional Information Reviews(1). Similar to the aforementioned topics involving ecological psychology, is another project Szokolszky has developed for the better understanding of the origins and function of metaphor in the various stages of cognitive development. Other topics she has first researched during her academic career, and then presented to a broad audience during her career as a freelance writer, include the debunking of pop-psychology myths (such as the Freud-inspired myth that it is better to express one’s anger than to hold it in check) and the role that cognitive dissonance plays in our mental economy (often causing us to reject new evidence that does not fit in with our current beliefs). Davidson is a close friend of the 14th Dalai Lama and himself meditates regularly. The author or co-author of over 320 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the author, co-author, or editor of six highly influential books, Anderson has received numerous awards, grants, fellowships, lectureships, and honorary degrees. Sternberg is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). However, the bulk of political psychologists work directly with candidates running for office, by working closely with a politician’s communications team to direct the development of policy decisions that will score high marks with his or her constituents. Kahneman is chiefly known for founding (together with his long-time collaborator, Amos Tversky, who died in 1996) the academic discipline now known as behavioral economics. Buss was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1953. He received his bachelor’s degree in 1979 from the University of California, Davis, and his master’s in 1980 from the University of Pennsylvania. Through careful laboratory experiments aimed at comparing the abilities of young chimpanzees and young children of various ages engaged in similar cognitive tasks, he has been able to establish a wide array of reliable similarities and differences in the mental development of each species. A phrase named after him is the Freudian slip. Test-Optional Universities Threaten SAT/ACT Credibility: Part I. Szokolszky was born in Budapest, Hungary, in 1956. He received his bachelor’s degree from the University of British Columbia in 1968, and his Ph.D. in psychology from Stanford University in 1972. Instead, the purpose of this list is to offer a glimpse into some of the major theoretical outlooks that have influenced not only psychology but also the larger culture. Miller has also been at the forefront of developing the new field of evolutionary consumer psychology, which basically uses the logic of sexual selection to explain many features of modern consumer society, by linking them with high social status in males as a marker of reproductive success. Berridge is the author or co-author of approximately 200 peer-reviewed research papers and chapters of edited volumes, and is the co-editor (with Morten L. Kringelbach) of Pleasures of the Brain (Oxford University Press, 2009). On the other hand, we moderns hardly believe in the soul that all those writers took for granted anymore. Ed Diener and Martin E.P. 15. We are talking about the 9 most famous and important psychologists in the history of this discipline. He did not deny the reality of a fundamental underlying personality altogether, but claimed that its expression is highly complex, and best characterized in terms of contextualized, conditional (if-then) patterns of behavior. He is currently the William James and Vilas Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Gopnik was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1955. Some of her other projects include philosophical reflection on the fact of embodiment for cognitive science, and critical approaches to understanding the history and current practice of psychology as a science. Sigmund Freud is one of the most famous psychologists, and he is famous for his work with the id, ego, and super-ego. Miller was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1965. Miller has done research in a number of different areas of psychology, above all, in evolutionary psychology, and especially in two sub-fields within that discipline: human sexual selection and the new field of evolutionary consumer psychology. Cosmides was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1957. As a result of his decades of research on infants, Meltzoff stresses the importance of infant imitation for laying the proper foundations for the normal development of our very humanity: They have a hand, you have a hand and they recognize the similarity and that’s the initial bridge between self and other that gives rise, when they’re older, to a feeling of empathy for others and caring for others.[7]. Psychology is here to help. Buss is the author or co-author of more than 200 peer-reviewed journal articles, and the author, co-author, or editor of some dozen books. He also serves as Editor-in-Chief of Evolution and Human Behavior, and is the author or co-author of around 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of seven books. Bounded rationality is the idea that, not only are human actors constrained by emotional factors such as irrational aversions and prejudices, they are simply not very good at reasoning correctly about certain kinds of situations (especially ones involving probabilities). Anderson also engaged in careful experimental studies, using fMRI technology, in an effort to provide empirical support for his theoretical models. Nadel has authored or co-authored more than 175 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of some dozen books. The problem consists both in psychology, and thought follows inevitably from the same,. Princeton University ’ s degree in 1972 from Harvard University already mentioned principles! 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