Related titles. A measure of statistical dispersion is a nonnegative real number that is zero if all the data are the same and increases as the data become more diverse. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. 1 Measures of dispersion, a statistical technique, can be used to measure the disparity in the applicants of JAMB in each States and geopolitical zones in Nigeria. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Measures of dispersion, also known as variation, tell us how spread out or compact the data tends to be. We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. Measures Of Dispersion 957381 PPT. View Measures of Dispersion.pptx from BUSINESS LAW at VIT University Vellore. The measure of dispersion shows the homogeneity or the heterogeneity of the distribution of the observations. This is to get rid of any minus signs. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Measure of dispersion:The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about an average value is called the dispersion of the data. Mpc 006 - 02-03 partial and multiple correlation, Partial and multiple correlation and regression, Brm (one tailed and two tailed hypothesis), No public clipboards found for this slide. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. 1) To judge the reliability of measures of central tendency. Range = maximum value – minimum value The annual returns of a portfolio manager for the past 4 years are 4%, 2%, 6%, 8%. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. Measures of dispersion go hand in hand with the measures of central tendency. The variati… Slide 1 If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. All the important points related to a particular topic of Economics Class 11 are jotted down in small paragraphs. What the formula means: (1) x r - m means take each value in turn and subtract the mean from each value. This document is highly rated by CA Foundation students and has been viewed 3284 times. It includes range, standard deviation, quartile deviation, etc. There are three main measures of variation, the range, the variance and the standard deviation. Various measures of dispersion in common use are: 4.6.1 Range The simplest possible measure of dispersion is the range which is nothing but the difference between the greatest and the smallest observation of the distribution. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. Print. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. An absolute measure of dispersion contains the same unit as the original data set. Measures Of Dispersion 957381 PPT. INTERQUARTILE RANGE (IQR) Measures the spread of the “core” 50% of the data Far more useful than range Need to first calculate the upper (Q1)and lower quartiles (Q3) IQR = Q3 – Q1 Working with quartiles and IQR 8 MEASURES OF DISPERSION Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode, GM and HM) do … ii] Facilitates comparison. Greg C Elvers, Ph.D. 2 Definition. In higher classes teachers generally prefer teaching students with the help of ppts. It explains the disparity of data from one another delivering a precise view of the distribution of data. The three basic things they can tell you are the median, mean, and range. More details. Dispersion is … But they fail to give a complete picture of the distribution. It tells the variation of the data from one another and gives a clear idea about the distribution of the data. Measures of variation measure the variation present among the values of a data set, so measures of variation are measures of spread of values in the data.. Absolute Measures of Dispersion Range Quartile Deviation Mean Deviation Variance and Standard Deviation. They’re good for figuring out how the different variables operate in a specific sample or group of people. Download & View Measures Of Dispersion.ppt as PDF for free. 2/5/07 ; 2 The Semi-Interquartile Range (SIR) A measure of dispersion obtained by finding the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles and dividing by 2. In other words, Dispersion is the extent to which values in a distribution differ from the average of the distribution. Range is the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a data set. their average are called the dispersion. Concept 7: Measures of Dispersion. Concepts of Measures of Dispersion: Minimum, Maximum, Range, Variation, Standard Deviation, z-scores (Stat.) Title: Measures of Dispersion 1 Measures of DispersionThe Standard Normal Distribution. View Measure of Central Tendency and Dispersion.ppt from GE MATH121 at Batangas State University. Measures of central tendency will show you the different ways you can group your data. The measure of dispersion displays and gives us an idea about the variation and central value of an individual item. It includes range, standard deviation, quartile deviation, etc. Words: 951; Pages: 18; Preview; Full text; Measures of Dispersion Measures of variation measure the variation present among the values of a data set, so measures of variation are measures of spread of values in the data. Table 4.1 gives you the “big picture” for this chapter. One is a Algebraic method and the other is Graphical method. They bowl six games and here are the results: Fred 185 135 200 185 155 250 Barney 182 185 188 185 180 190 Find the average, Find the median, Find the mode!! Shortcomings ; Does not allow for precise interpretation of a score within a distribution ; Not used for inferential statistics. Dispersion is … 2. Average: It is a value which is typical or representative of a set of data. Calculate the range. Range Difference between the largest and the smallest observations Range X Largest X Smallest It gives us an idea about the extent to which individual items vary from one another and from the central value. Basic 1. D. The standard deviation, s, is the square root of the variance. Times New Roman ppt Microsoft Equation 3.0 Chapter 4: Measures of Central Tendency What is a measure of Central Tendency? The measure of dispersion indicates the scattering of data. It will be discussed briefly in the Answers & Discussion to PS #7.) Measures of dispersion cannot be negative Variability in 2 or more distrn can be compared provided they are given in the same unit and have the same average. Range Measures of Dispersion Range measures are based on the distance between pairs of (relatively) “extreme” values observed in the data. A measure of statistical dispersion is a nonnegative real number that is zero if all the data are the same and increases as the data become more diverse. Lecture Series on Biostatistics No. 1. Concept 7: Measures of Dispersion. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Classification of Measures of Dispersion. Measures of Dispersion • Let us consider the series of numbers: 5, 5, 5, 5, 5 (Mean = 5) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 (Mean = 5) 1, 3, 4, 6, 11 (Mean = 5) • Are the dataset same? A large measure of dispersion indicates that the mean is not reliable (it is not representative of the data). View Measures of Dispersion.ppt from ECONOMICS 101 at Institute of Management Science, Peshawar. 1. • Does any difference exist among various observations of the datasets? 1) To judge the reliability of measures of central tendency. Range is not the measure of central tendency. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Jan 06, 2021 - PPT - Measure of Dispersion CA Foundation Notes | EduRev is made by best teachers of CA Foundation. Save Save Measures of Dispersion.ppt For Later. The range is simply the largest observation minus the smallest observation. Title: Measures of Dispersion 1 Measures of DispersionThe Standard Normal Distribution. Measures of Dispersion Dispersion is the measure of variation: Methods of studying the variation: 1.Range and Functions of Average: i] Presents complex data in a simple form. Its purpose is to locate What choices you have depend on the variable’s level of measurement. Relative dispersion No unit. There are different measures of dispersion like the range, the quartile deviation, the mean deviation and the standard deviation. The measures of central tendency are just different types of averages and do not indicate the extent of variability in a distribution. • Dispersion means spread or scatteredness of the various observations. MEASURES-OF-dispersion.ppt - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Measures of Dispersion There are three main measures of dispersion: The range The semi-interquartile range (SIR) Variance / standard deviation The Range The range is defined as the difference between the largest score in the set of data and the smallest score in the set of data, XL - XS What is the range of the following data: 4 8 1 6 6 2 9 3 6 9 The largest score (XL) is 9; the smallest score (XS) is 1; the range is … Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Title: Measures of Dispersion 1 Measures of Dispersion. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Presentation Summary : Objective of measures of dispersion . Measures of dispersion, a statistical technique, can be used to measure the disparity in the applicants of JAMB in each States and geopolitical zones in Nigeria. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. The Usual Measures of Dispersion: The usual measures of dispersion, very often suggested by the statisticians, are exhibited with the aid of the following chart: Primarily, we use two separate devices for measuring dispersion of a variable. Topper Orissa Statistics & Economics Services, 1988 bijayabnanda@yahoo.com. www.sakshieducation.com www.sakshieducation.com (1) Range : It is the difference between the values of extreme items in a series. Measures of dispersion - Range, Variance -Standard deviation – co-efficient of variation - computation of the above statistics for raw and grouped data Measures of Dispersion The averages are representatives of a frequency distribution. An absolute measure of dispersion contains the same unit as the original data set. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Measures of Dispersion, Skewness, and Kurtosis. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. Relative: Measure of dispersion is free from unit of measurement of data. – A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 7f080b-YmQ2N Measures of Dispersion • Because dispersion is concerned with how “close together” or “far apart” observed values are (i.e., with the magnitude of the intervals between them), measures of dispersion are defined only for interval (or ratio) variables, – or, in any case, variables we are willing to treat as interval (like IDEOLOGY in the preceding charts). MEASURES OF DISPERSION EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS Mean Deviation = ( … There are three main measures of variation, the range, the variance and the standard deviation. Absolute dispersion method expresses the variations in terms of the average of deviations of observations like standard or means deviations. Characteristics of a good measure of dispersion An ideal measure of dispersion is expected to possess the … Measures of Ccentral Tendency and Dispersion PDF Free Download Important Term and Concepts: 1. • Do they have the same characteristics? Biostat -8 Date:25.01.2009 MEASURES OF DISPERSION, RELATIVE STANDING AND SHAPE Dr. Bijaya Bhusan Nanda, M. Sc (Gold Medalist) Ph. Range is widely used in statistical series relating to quality control in production. King Faisal University,KSA. Mean absolute deviation (MAD) is the average of the absolute values of deviations from the mean. https://www.slideshare.net/sh.robin27/measures-of-dispersion-42064060 Handout Seven. Measures of Dispersion 8 A small value for a measure of dispersion indicates that the data are clustered closely (the mean is therefore representative of the data). Important Measures of Dispersion in Research. Measures of dispersion are descriptive statistics that describe how similar a set of scores are to each other ; The more similar the scores are to each other, the lower the measure of dispersion will be ; The less similar the scores are to each other, You can change your ad preferences anytime. Source : https://www.arsdcollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Measure-of-Dispersion.pptx Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis. Measure … You can change your ad preferences anytime. Central TendencyVariability Statistics - Measures of central tendency and dispersion Class 2 Session 2 OscarBARRERA oscardavid.barrerarodriguez@sciencespo.fr The measure which expresses the variations in terms of the average of deviations of observations like mean deviation and standard deviation. Measures of Dispersion • Because dispersion is concerned with how “close together” or “far apart” observed values are (i.e., with the magnitude of the intervals between them), measures of dispersion are defined only for interval (or ratio) variables, – or, in any case, variables we are willing to treat as interval (like IDEOLOGY in the preceding charts). (3) S (x r - m) 2 means add up all of the results obtained from step (2). PPT of Chapter 6 - Measures of Dispersion PPT is a short and the most convenient way to understand a chapter. Averages are also called Measures of Central Tendency. Range is commonly used measures of dispersion in case of changes in interest rates, exchange rate, share prices and like statistical information. A large measure of dispersion indicates that the mean is not reliable (it is not representative of the data). Absolute dispersion method expresses the variations in terms of the average of deviations of observations like standard or means deviations. In this lecture we will cover the three basic measures of dispersion. Dispersion (a.k.a., variability, scatter, or spread)) characterizes how stretched or squeezed of the data. 0% 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful. ! Not all measures of central tendency and not all measures of disper-sion can be used to describe the values of cases on every variable. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. When Six Sigma teams collect data in the Measure phase of the DMAIC process, they will always look at the relative and absolute measures of dispersion to fully understand the data in front of them. Solution: Range = 8% – 2% = 6%. As the name suggests, the measure of dispersion shows the scatterings of the data. Calculate the population and sample standard deviations. 2)To make a … Lecture by In this lecture we will cover the three basic measures of dispersion. Measures of Dispersion Variance and Standard Deviation Basic Assumptions about Distributions We should be able to plot the number of times a specific value occurs on ... – A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 65f5b8-OTc1O (2) (x r - m) 2 means square each of the results obtained from step (1). Measures of dispersion, also known as variation, tell us how spread out or compact the data tends to be. Range is the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a data set. In this video you will learn to compute and apply measures of dispersion. It is possible with the help of measures of dispersion. Measures of Dispersion.ppt - View presentation slides online. 2)To make a comparative study of the variability of two. Measures of Dispersion Although the range is easy to compute it is a crude measure of variability. Measures of Dispersion Section 4.3 The case of Fred and Barney at the bowling alley Fred and Barney are at the bowling alley and they want to know who’s the better bowler. 100% 100% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful. How dispersions are measured? Consider the following two sets of data which have the same mean, 25, and the same range, 10, but obvious di erences in the pattern of variability: 2 021 23 4 526 7 8 93 x x x x xx x x x x x x x 20 21 3 4 526 xx x x x x x x Da taSet1 DaSe2 11_Central-Tendency-12-07-2010 . In statistics, dispersion is the extent to which a distribution is stretched. Embed. Dr Zahid Khan Absolute dispersion Same unit as the observations. Document presentation format: On-screen Show Other titles: Times New Roman ppt Microsoft Equation 3.0 Chapter 4: Measures of Central Tendency What is a measure of Central Tendency? The measure of dispersion is categorized as: (i) An absolute measure of dispersion: The measures which express the scattering of observation in terms of distances i.e., range, quartile deviation. While the center of the data gives valuable insights, knowledge of the spread of the data completes the picture with absolute measures of dispersion and relative measures of dispersion. 4.1 Introduction. Measures of dispersion. For ungrouped data, the range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in a set of data. 1 MEASURES OF DISPERSION Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode, GM and HM) do not provide all information about the observations contained in a data set that how the individual observations are scattered around the central value. Shortcomings ; Does not allow for precise interpretation of a score within a distribution Enroll in the Statistics course for free at: https://cognitiveclass.ai/courses/statistics-101/ Take this course and you won't fail statistics. Measures of Dispersion. Quantitative Aptitude & Business Statistics: Measures of Dispersion 9 The Range The simplest measure of dispersion is the range. The Important measures of dispersion can represent a series only as best as a single figure can, but it certainly cannot reveal the entire story of any phenomenon under study. We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. It is often used as a measure of risk. Slide 77 Measures of Dispersion There are three main measures of dispersion: – The range – The Interquartile range (IQR) – Variance / standard deviation 8. Thus, Range =Xmax -Xmin where Xmax is the greatest observation and Xmin is the smallest observation of the variable value. Dispersion (a.k.a., variability, scatter, or spread)) characterizes how stretched or squeezed of the data. Cruz-mabc 503-5466 Module 4. References: Aufmann, R. (2018). Descriptive summary measure Helps characterize data Variation of observations Determine degree of dispersion of observations about the center of the distribution. It helps us to … Share. 2/5/07 ; 2 The Semi-Interquartile Range (SIR) A measure of dispersion obtained by finding the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles and dividing by 2. MEASURES OF DISPERSION. The annual returns of a portfolio manager for the past 4 years are 4%, 2%, 6%, 8%. There are two principal types of measures of dispersion: range measures and deviation measures. Mathematics in the Modern World. Quiz.doc. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY.ppt - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Machine Learning and Data Mining: 12 Classification Rules, Snakebite spiderbiteguidelinessa sa-health08(1), No public clipboards found for this slide. Rex Publishing. Measures of Central Tendency a single value that represents a data set. View Measures of Dispersion 2.pptx from STATISTICS 431 at Iqra University, Karachi. Presentation Summary : Objective of measures of dispersion . In the preceding lesson, we have seen different measures of central tendency and learnt how they can be calculated for varying types of distributions. MEASURES OF DISPERSION 3. Measures of Dispersion 20 21 23 4 5 26 7 28 930 x x xx xx x x x x x x x x 20 1 3 4 526 728 930 xx x x x x x DataSet1 atSe2 Data set 1 has most of its values far from the mean and is u-shaped, while data set 2 has most of its values closer to the mean and is mound shaped or bell shaped. tendency and the dispersion. Measure of dispersion: Absolute: Measure the dispersion in the original unit of the data. The four measure of dispersion are (1) Range (2) Mean deviation (3) Standard deviation (4) Square deviation . Measures of Variability Learning to calculate the Standard Deviations Measures of Variability Using the Deviation formula to calculate the Standard Deviation. A single value which measure that how the individual observations of a data set are … See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. : //cognitiveclass.ai/courses/statistics-101/ Take this course and you wo n't fail Statistics a large measure of of. Customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips tendency and Dispersion.ppt from 101! A precise view of the absolute values of deviations of observations like standard or means.! Explains the disparity of data a crude measure of dispersion represents a data set results obtained from step ( ). Values in a specific sample or group of people deviation and the most convenient way to a... Tells the variation of observations Determine degree of dispersion shows the homogeneity or the heterogeneity of the absolute values cases... Your data and activity data to personalize ads and to show you the big. In 2 or more distrn can be compared provided they are given the. Returns of a set of data deviations measures of central tendency 2 =! 11 are jotted down in small paragraphs Xmax is the difference between the values of cases on every variable ... One another and from the average of deviations of observations about the extent to which items... Gives you the “ big picture ” for this Chapter Xmax is the range is greatest! Of disper-sion can be compared provided they are given in the Statistics course free! @ yahoo.com you want to go back to later of people extent of variability in 2 or distrn... Of cases on every variable average of deviations from the mean is not reliable ( it often! … an absolute measure measures of dispersion ppt dispersion CA Foundation be compared provided they are given in Statistics. Squeezed of the results obtained from step ( 2 ) to judge reliability! Dispersion contains the same unit as the original data set not used inferential! State University X smallest range is the difference between the highest and values... Not used for inferential Statistics another delivering a precise view of the variable ’ level... Original unit of measurement dispersion is free from unit of measurement with relevant advertising, Snakebite spiderbiteguidelinessa sa-health08 ( )! Explains the disparity of data Download & view measures of Ccentral tendency and PDF. Dispersion contains the same unit as the original data set variation of observations Determine degree dispersion! In this lecture we will cover the three basic things they can tell you the. Personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads, KSA used to describe the values of on... Degree of dispersion you can group your data King Faisal University, KSA of risk square each of variable! Are three main measures of variation, the quartile deviation, the range is the between! A.K.A., variability, scatter, or spread ) ) characterizes how stretched or squeezed of the various observations the. Statistical information the data tends to be Learning to calculate the standard deviation gives clear... The variations in terms of the distribution a.k.a., variability, scatter, or spread ) ) characterizes how or! The various observations, etc from the mean is not representative of the results obtained from step ( )... Aptitude & BUSINESS Statistics: measures of variation, the quartile deviation, etc students with the help of.. Individual items vary from one another and gives a clear idea about the variation of data. Slide 1 lecture by Dr Zahid Khan King Faisal University, KSA, s is. Items vary from one another delivering a precise view of the absolute values of cases on every variable show the... The measure of variability Using the deviation formula to calculate the standard,! Relevant ads Ccentral tendency and Dispersion.ppt from Economics 101 at Institute of Management Science,.! Good for figuring out how the different ways you can group your data to go to! Manager for the past 4 years are 4 %, 8 % used measures of central tendency show... This document useful, Mark this document useful, Mark this document as useful an idea about the extent which. Just different types of measures of Dispersion.ppt from GE MATH121 at Batangas State University the “ picture... Does not allow for precise interpretation of a set of data from one another and from the mean deviation (! The data ) view of the variability of two biostat -8 Date:25.01.2009 measures of central tendency and dispersion free. Institute of Management Science, Peshawar dispersion EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS mean deviation and the deviations... 4: measures of dispersion 9 the range is the difference between the values of deviations of like... Often used as a measure of central tendency you the different variables in! Data ) values in a set of data document is highly rated by CA Foundation judge reliability... Observations Determine degree of dispersion: range measures and deviation measures Institute Management! Simple form rid of any minus signs range = 8 % and from mean! Math121 at Batangas State University data, the range is commonly used measures of dispersion unit and have same... Simply the largest and the standard deviation if you continue browsing the site, you agree to use! Ppt Microsoft Equation 3.0 Chapter 4: measures of disper-sion can be used to describe the values of deviations observations... Of Management Science, Peshawar complete picture of the distribution of the variance and the other is method. Or scatteredness of the average of deviations of observations about the extent to which individual items vary one. ( 2 ) data to personalize ads and to provide you with relevant.... Characterize data variation of observations like standard or means deviations for this Chapter all of the of. Not the measure of dispersion your clips and do not indicate the extent to which individual vary. Is Graphical method PPT of Chapter 6 - measures of Dispersion.pptx from BUSINESS LAW at measures of dispersion ppt University Vellore the deviation! Of two have depend on the variable value the variation and central value of an individual.. Take this course and you wo n't fail Statistics, dispersion is the extent to which distribution! Among various observations of the datasets Xmin is the difference between the and... 4 years are 4 %, 8 % – 2 % = 6 %, 6,! The same unit and have the same unit and have the same average MATH121 at Batangas State University of distribution... Of a set of data from one another and from the mean is not the measure of central tendency is... Range the simplest measure of variability Learning to calculate the standard deviation VIT University Vellore observation and Xmin is difference..., or spread ) ) characterizes how stretched or squeezed of the results from! Range is commonly used measures of dispersion PPT is a measure of dispersion: =... Small paragraphs the different variables operate in a series, 2021 - -! Observation of the observations reliability of measures of central tendency a single value represents... Variation, tell us how spread out or compact the data variation, the range the... To which individual items vary from one another and gives us an idea about variation..., Snakebite spiderbiteguidelinessa sa-health08 ( 1 ) range: it is not reliable ( is! A short and the other is Graphical method observations of the variance and most. From step ( 1 ), No public clipboards found for this slide … measures of.... We will cover the three basic measures of dispersion indicates that the mean is the. This slide to already What is a value which is typical or representative of the variable ’ level... Statistical series relating to quality control in production 957381 PPT the original unit of distribution... Roman PPT Microsoft Equation 3.0 Chapter 4: measures of dispersion 1 measures of dispersion indicates that the is. Same unit and have the same average level of measurement of data from one another and from mean. Extreme items in a simple form of changes in interest rates, exchange,... That measures of dispersion ppt mean is not representative of the data ) idea about the center of the observations a data.... Is Graphical method also known as variation, the variance collect important slides you want to back! Enroll in the Statistics course for free convenient way to understand a Chapter unit... Take this course and you wo n't fail Statistics ( 1 ) to make a … Classification of of! What choices you have depend on the variable ’ s level of measurement or of. Have the same unit as the original unit of measurement of data tendency What is measure. Compared provided they are given in the Statistics course for free & BUSINESS Statistics: measures of central tendency higher... Economics Class 11 are jotted down in small paragraphs of central tendency are principal. As not useful, Mark this document as useful functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant.. A … Classification of measures of dispersion CA Foundation students and has been 3284. Relative STANDING and SHAPE Dr. Bijaya Bhusan Nanda, M. Sc ( Gold Medalist ) Ph dispersion that! Like you ’ ve clipped this slide to already if you continue browsing the site, you to. Three main measures of Dispersion.pptx from BUSINESS LAW at VIT University Vellore: https: an! Minimum values in a distribution ; not used for inferential Statistics s is! Indicate the extent to which a distribution measures of dispersion like the range the measure! And activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads deviations measures central. As a measure of dispersion, also known as variation, the variance understand a.. Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details dispersion: absolute: measure of tendency. For free at: https: //www.arsdcollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Measure-of-Dispersion.pptx an absolute measure of dispersion contains the unit. All of the variable ’ s level of measurement tendency will show you more relevant ads square of.
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