While the Settlers, Maroons, and transatlantic immigrants gave the Creoles their Christianity, some of their customs, and their Western influence, the Liberated Africans modified their customs to adopt those of the Nova Scotians and Europeans, yet kept some of their ethnic traditions. [16][17][18], According to some scholars, the only Sierra Leonean ethnic group whose culture is similar (in terms of its embrace of Western culture) are Westernized members of the Sherbro people. Alongside the Americo-Liberians, they are the only recognised ethnic group of African-American,[20] Liberated African, and West Indian descent in West Africa. Historians differ as to whether the motives were purely altruistic or whether the key motive was to remove Black people from London! The two groups mixed and mingled in society. Creoles marry in church weddings and in the Victorian and Edwardian era, relatives sought out and introduced prospective suitors from desirable families to their kin seeking a spouse. Thirty-eight African Americans (nine families) immigrated to Freetown under the auspices of African-American ship owner Paul Cuffe, of Boston. White sand beaches line the Atlantic coast. Sharp also conceived the idea of founding a ‘Province of Freedom’ in Africa for their resettlement. The mourners wear white, visit the cemetery and then return home for refreshments. [7]:3–4, 223–255. Noonday meal of some Creoles include Western style and Afro-Caribbean derived cuisines and also African food such as rice and fufu, a dough-like paste made of cassava pounded into flour. Like their Americo-Liberian neighbours, Sierra Leone Creoles have varying degrees of European ancestry because some of the settlers were descended from white Americans and other Europeans. In 1993, there were 473,000 speakers in Sierra Leone (493,470 in all countries); Krio was the third-most spoken language behind Mende (1,480,000) and Themne (1,230,000). L-R: Granville Sharp, Olaudah Equiano, William Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson (Google Images). The Creoles observe dating and marriage customs that reflect their British oriented culture but also African American, Afro-Caribbean, and broader West African cultural retentions. Like their Americo-Liberian neighbors and sister ethnic group in Liberia, Sierra Leone Creoles have varying degrees of European ancestry due to the close historical relations between the ethnicities through decades of indenture, slavery and sexual abuse, and voluntary unions and marriages in North America. 40-3. When a suitor has been chosen by the prospective groom or bride, traditionally the groom's parents set a "put stop" day. The Krios of Sierra Leone historic links to Britain began with Britain’s part in that heinous ‘Slave Trade’– for the ethnic group called ‘Krios’ are descendants of various African American, Caribbean, and African ex-slaves and freemen who the British resettled in Africa in the modern day West African country of Sierra Leone.Here is their story: Today, Krios make up about 2% of Sierra Leone's population. The next day the body is washed, placed in shrouds (burial cloths), and laid on a bed for a final viewing. The Sierra Leone Creole people are descendants of freed African American, West Indian, and Liberated African slaves who settled in the Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 and about 1885. They have their own distinctive identity, though British influence remains strong. Other favorites include rice with various soup, rice bread, and salad. Prayer Points * Scripture Prayers for the Krio, Aku in Gambia. By this time the Province of Freedom had been destroyed; Granville Sharp did not lead the next settlement movement. Creoles have christening and baptismal ceremonies but also have a naming ceremony or "pull na doh" on the seventh day following the birth, which is held to celebrate the birth of a new born. There are an estimated 800,000 Krios in Sierra Leone, while in Gambia, the Akus make up another estimated 5% of the population and they are very very influential in both countries, and one thing that is quite known about Yorubas and Yoruba descended people is that the culture always follow them wherever they go regardless of location.. The Sierra Leone Creoles settled across West Africa in the nineteenth century in communities such as Limbe, Cameroon, Conakry, Guinea, Banjul, Gambia, Lagos, Nigeria, Abeokuta, Calabar, Onitsha, Nigeria Accra, Ghana, Cape Coast, Fernando Pó. The British resettled Liberated Africans from slave ships at Freetown. Thomas Sylvester Johnson, Assistant Bishop of Sierra Leone, M.A. The Maroons mainly descended from highly military skilled Ashanti slaves who had escaped plantations and, to a lesser extent, from Jamaican indigenous people. Brief background into the origins of the Krios of Sierra Leone. The descendants of African Americans remained an identifiable ethnic group until the 1870s, when the Creole identity was beginning to form. Krio is the most widely spoken language in Sierra Leone and is native to the Creoles who are freed slaves from Britain, The United States and West Indies. However, Oku scholars such as Olumbe Bassir and Ramatoulie O. Othman distinguish between the Oku and the Sierra Leone Creoles: The latter are a mixture of various African ethnic groups with some European and Amerindian ancestry, who brought Western culture with them and absorbed more from British colonial officials. Most of the first group died due to disease and warfare with indigenous peoples. Also included were a few dozen White women, likely wives and girlfriends though they are traditionally depicted as London prostitutes! In Sierra Leone they were called the Nova Scotians or "Settlers" (the 1787 Settlers were called the Old Settlers). [9] However, enough survived to establish and build a colony. The proponents and directors of the Sierra Leone colony believed that a new colony did not need black settlers from London. The next arrivals were the Jamaican Maroons; these maroons came specifically from Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town), one of the five Maroon cities in Jamaica. Because some of the Sherbro interacted with Portuguese and English traders and intermarried with them in the mid-fifteenth to eighteenth centuries (producing Afro-European clans such as the Sherbro Tuckers and Sherbro Caulkers), some of the Sherbro have a more westernized culture than that of other Sierra Leone ethnic groups. Krio speakers lived principally in Freetown communities, on the Peninsula, on the Banana Islands and York Island, and in Bonthe. Due to this history, the vast majority of Sierra Leone Creoles have European first names and/or surnames. The Settler men cleared the forest and shrub and built a new settlement on the overgrown site that had formerly contained the Granville Town settlement. In most Creole families, women and elder siblings care for the children and domestic servants or children in the family are expected to clean the house, do the shopping/selling, cook meals, wash dishes and clothes, and carry wood and water. Krio Descendants United of California, or KDUnited of California for short, was formed in September of 2014 by a group of 12 Sierra Leoneans in Southern California who saw the need to come together during the Ebola epidemic to help the suffering people in Sierra Leone. However, smaller denominations such as the Baptist church and Countess of Huntingdon denominations in places such as Freetown, and Waterloo, Sierra Leone also have Creole attendees, although these are smaller in number compared to Creole Anglicans and Methodists. However, subsequent African American and Afro-Caribbean settlers continued to influence Creole architectural styles. Many recaptives returned to their original homes after being freed in Freetown, as most kept their anglicised names, they took partially new identities back to their homelands. [citation needed], Creoles live in nuclear families (father, mother, and their children), but the extended family is important to them as well. Some of these early settlers had been freed earlier and worked as servants in London. The last major group of immigrants to the colony was the Liberated Africans or Recaptives. The language is native to the Sierra Leone Creole people or Krios, (a community of about 300,000 descendants of freed slaves from the West Indies, United States and United Kingdom), and is spoken as a second language by millions of other Sierra Leoneans belonging to the country’s indigenous tribes. Krios are actually one of the most educated groups in Sierra Leone. Children stand outside a Krios home, one of the traditional wooden houses which dot Sierra Leone's war-scarred capital Freetown, in this August 15, 2007 file photo. The colony was established by the British, supported by abolitionists, under the Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. Krio heritage is thus an interesting mix of various cultures including British. Sharp’s ‘immigration scheme’ had received vocal support from some influential Blacks in Britain, but some decried what looked like the ‘deportation’ of Blacks to a potentially dangerous land. The Krios of Sierra Leone is delivered with the support of Iyamide Thomas of The Krios Dot Com. Liberated Africans and their colony-born children in the early to middle nineteenth centuries and subsequently Creoles between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who settled in Nigeria were known as Saros, and there is a thriving community there. This is reflected in the language, architecture, dress, lifestyle and traditions. Barbadian rebels who participated in the Bussa Rebellion were transported to colonial Freetown in 1816 and included families such as the Priddy family. In a twist that became the hallmark of politics in the subregion, the Temne had indeed signed a treaty granting full sovereignty to the Colony but then turned around to say that this was not their understanding. It is the result of the unfortunate history with the Brits using them during the colonial era. Well-known Creole Methodists include Sylvia Blyden, a newspaper proprietor and included Creoles such as Macormack Easmon, Edna Elliott-Horton, and George T.O. The Crown had offered slaves freedom who left rebel masters, and thousands joined the British lines. It is mainly derived from English but has influences from other African languages (Yuroba for example), European languages (such as French) and also contains some expressions found […] They built a new settlement called ‘Freetown’ which was the basis for the new Colony of Sierra Leone that eventually encompassed Granville Town. The Krios are descendants from ex-enslaved African American, Caribbean, African and free peoples who settled in the Western Area of Sierra Leone. By the 1820’s they had become the Black bourgeoisie. This misunderstanding became violent, when in 1801, the Temne attacked Freetown. Thus, the Gambian Creole people, or Aku people of the Gambia, the Saro of Nigeria, Fernandino people of Equatorial Guinea, are partly descended from the Sierra Leone Creole people or their ancestors. Please Contact us for any questions. After that time, they were called the "Old Settlers". Iyamide co-curated ‘The Krios of Sierra Leone’ exhibitions at the Museum of London, which is currently on display until March 2021. Portions of the meal are placed into a hole for the dead. However, on April 9th 1787, 411 Black American, African, Caribbean, and a few Bengalis (collectively called the ‘Black Poor’) set sail for Sierra Leone. They had a profound influence on Creole culture; many of the Western attributes of Creole society were conveyed by the "Settlers", who continued what was familiar to them from their past lives. Phone: 561-891-4101. Many of the adults had left rebel owners and fought for the British in the Revolutionary War. The Krios (Creoles) of Sierra Leone, West Africa are descendants of a variety of cultures including the Maroons of Jamaica, African Americans, West Indians, and Europeans, mainly from Great Britain. The Creoles as a class developed close relationships with the British colonial power; they became educated in British institutions and advanced to prominent leadership positions in Sierra Leone under British colonialism. So he called his two sons and told both of them to tie a rope around his waist and set off in opposite directions for the two closest villages, each holding one end of the rope. Prominent Creole Catholics include Dr Monty Jones and Bertha Conton and included prominent Creoles such as Florence Dillsworth and in previous generations, James C.E. These settlers were Black Loyalists, American slaves who had escaped to British lines and fought with them during the American Revolution, to earn freedom. Rt. The dispute with the Temne was over "rent" which the Temne felt they were owed by the colony. In addition to English, the Sierra Leone Creoles also speak a distinctive creole language[2]:xxi named after their ethnic group called Creole or Krio. Among the best loved are Creole stories about Anansi the spider. Sivapragasam, Michael, 'Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783-1815?’ Unpublished Masters dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), pp. However, older Sierra Leone Creoles still dress conservatively in Western-style suits and dresses and some Creole women still wear the Jamaican Maroon Kabaslot, Kotoku, and carpet slippers and its derivative, the print which is a fusion of older African American, Afro-Caribbean and British dress styles. On 11 March 1792, the Nova Scotian Settlers disembarked from the 14 passenger ships that had carried them from Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone and marched toward a large cotton tree near George Street. The Recaptives intermarried with the Settlers and Maroons, and the two groups became a fusion of African and Western societies. Some have Native American ancestry as well. The language is native to the Sierra Leone Creole peopleor Krios, (a community of … The Creole breakfast meal consists of porridge or English breakfast. Americo-Liberian merchants and traders also settled in colonial Freetown throughout the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Sierra Leonean Creole or Krio is an English-based creole language that is lingua franca and de facto national language spoken throughout the West African nation of Sierra Leone. One called Thomas Peters travelled to London to protest their situation and returned to orchestrate their resettlement to Sierra Leone. In 1807 the British Parliament passed a bill forbidding the slave trade within the British Empire and from 1808 onwards thousands of people resettled in Freetown were known as the ‘Liberated Africans’ or ‘Recaptives’, for they had been rescued from slave ships before they reached the shores of the Americas. The vast majority of Creoles reside in Freetown and its surrounding Western Area region of Sierra Leone. The British negotiated for the land for the settlement with the local Temne chief, King Tom. The next migrations of transatlantic immigrants between 1800 and 1819 were smaller in comparison to the early Nova Scotian Settlers and Jamaican Maroon immigrants. Many Creoles attend formal and informal gatherings. [15], As the Recaptives began to trade and spread Christianity throughout West Africa, they began to dominate Freetown society. The family and guests eat a big meal. About 64 survived to establish the second Granville Town following the failed first attempt at colonization between 1787 and 1789. Creole traditional wedding attire is a morning suit or lounge suit for the bridegroom and Creole women wear the traditional white wedding dress. Sierra Leone Travel and Tourism Operator – VSL TRAVEL – Destination Management Company (DMC) › Forums › VSL Forums › General Chat Talk › Perceptions of Krios This topic has 85 replies, 26 voices, and was last updated 11 years, 8 months ago by VSL. The colony was established by the British, supported by abolitionists, under the Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. He knew that if he visited friends, they would feed him as was the custom. The Krio language of the Creole people influenced other pidgins such as Cameroonian Pidgin English, Nigerian Pidgin English, and Pichinglis. [citation needed], Sierra Leone Creoles typically eat three meals a day, the largest in the morning or near midday. Sivapragasam, Michael, 'Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783-1815?’ Unpublished Masters dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), p. 37. [2] Today, the Sierra Leone Creoles are 1.3% of the population of Sierra Leone.[1]. The ‘Krios of Sierra Leone’ is a new display at the Museum of London Docklands that tells the story of Sierra Leone’s Krio people. Prayer Points * Scripture Prayers for the Krio, Creole in Sierra Leone. The pull mooning day – the end of mourning – occurs at the end of one year (the first anniversary of a death). [11] There the settlers reestablished Granville Town. [10] Their colony was known as the "Province of Freedom" and their settlement was called "Granville Town"' after the English abolitionist Granville Sharp. The Krios of Sierra Leone includes contemporary objects from the collections of Krio Londoners as well as 19th century objects related to British colonial rule in Sierra Leone from the museum’s collections. By contrast, the Oku are principally of Yoruba descent and have traditionally maintained strong Yoruba and Muslim traditions. The Maroons numbered around 551, and they helped quell some of the riots against the British from the settlers. In 1787, the British helped 400 freed slaves, primarily African Americans freed during the American Revolutionary War who had been evacuated to London, and West Indians and Africans from London, to relocate to Sierra Leone to settle in what they called the "Province of Freedom." The 64 people had been cared for by a Greek and a colonist named Thomas Kallingree at Fourah Bay, an abandoned African village. Like their Americo-Liberian neighbors, Creole men were said to adhere to the "religion of the tall hat and frock coat" although some Creole women wore the Jamaican Maroon Kabaslot and Kotoku, the latter a Twi or Ga word for money bag. Statue of Thomas Peters, African American leader of the founding ettlers of Freetown, Sierra Leone. Prominent Creole families of more recent Afro-Caribbean ancestry include the Farquhar family and their descendants such as the Stuart family and Conton family who settled in Sierra Leone from Barbados, the Bahamas, and Bermuda between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Krio speakers in other countries lived in Gambia, Guinea, Senegal, and the United States. [7]:5, Initially the British intervened to ensure the Recaptives became firmly rooted in Freetown society; they served in the army with the West India Regiment, and they were assigned as apprentices in the houses of Settlers and Maroons. They founded the capital of Sierra Leone in 1792. More than 1200 volunteered to settle and establish the new colony of Freetown, which was established by British abolitionists under the Sierra Leone Company. Many have both British first names and surnames. [citation needed]. He loved eating, but detested work and had not planted or fished all season. Either way, education is very important to Krios. Following the American Revolutionary War, there were thousands of freed slaves in London suffering from acute poverty and unemployment. The distinctive style of Creole wooden or board housing was brought by the "Settlers" from Nova Scotia, and as early as the 1790s, the Nova Scotians had built houses with stone foundations with wooden superstructures, and American-style shingle roofs. As the Settlers gathered under the tree, their preachers held a thanksgiving service and the white minister, Rev. In December 2011 Krio Descendants Union Freetown erected a statue to honour Thomas Peters. 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